Battle of Megiddo
The Battle of Megiddo of September 19-21, 1918, and its subsequent exploitation, was the culminating victory in British General Edmund Allenby's conquest of Palestine during World War I. His forces made a massive push into the Jezreel Valley from the west, through the Carmel Ridge then engulfed the Turkish forces in the valley (mentioned as the site of the Battle of Armageddon in the Book of Revelations) and on the River Jordan. When he was made a viscount, Allenby took the name of this battle as his own, becoming the First Viscount Allenby of Megiddo.
Although his forces enjoyed superiority of numbers, morale and position over the Turks, Allenby's operations succeeded at very little cost and were widely praised as a forerunner of the Blitzkrieg methods of World War II.
After capturing Jerusalem at the end of 1917, Allenby's forces were greatly weakened when many of his infantry units had to be sent to reinforce the British armies on the Western Front, after the Germans launched their Spring Offensive. In spite of this, Allenby tried to maintain the pressure on the retreating Turks by twice sending cavalry across the Jordan River to capture Amman and Es Salt. Both attacks were defeated.
At the same time, the Turkish command changed. Erich von Falkenhayn, who wished to continue the retreat so as to shorten his lines of communication and reduce the need for static garrisons, was replaced by Otto Liman von Sanders who reasoned that continued retreat would demoralise the Turks, ruin their draught animals, and also encourage the Arab revolt. His forces now dug in, and even regained some ground near the Jordan.
Over the following summer, Allenby's forces were built back up to full strength by the transfer of two Indian infantry divisions from the Mesopotamian Campaign, and two Indian mounted divisions from France (which were reorganised to incorporate some of Allenby's Yeomanry units). Except the 54th Division which retained all its British soldiers, most of Allenby's infantry divisions were rebuilt as Indian formations, with one British to every three Indian battalions.
Meanwhile, such action as there was took place in the deserts east of the Jordan. The regulars of the Arab Northern Army, nominally under the Emir Feisal, maintained a blockade of Ma'an (after a failed attack earlier in the year), and irregulars under T. E. Lawrence forayed from Aqaba against the Turks' Hejaz Railway. A British Imperial Camel Corps battalion participated in some of these raids near Amman
Allenby intended to break through the western end of his front, near the Mediterranean coast, and pass his cavalry through the gap to seize the communication centres of El Afule and Beisan, thus trapping the Turkish armies west of the Jordan.
To make the task of this breakthrough and exploitation easier, Allenby made laborious efforts to deceive the Turks as to his intentions, as at the Third Battle of Gaza. To fix the Turks' attention on the wrong end of the front, the Anzac Mounted Division in the Jordan valley simulated the activity of the entire mounted corps. Troops marched openly down to the valley by day, and were taken back by lorry at night. Dummy camps and horse lines were constructed. Meanwhile, Lawrence sent agents to openly buy up huge quantities of forage near Amman. As a final touch, British newspapers and messages were filled with reports of a race meeting to take place in Gaza on September 19.
The Allied forces enjoyed undisputed air supremacy by this time. Turkish reconnaisance aircraft could not even take off without being engaged by British or Australian fighters, and could therefore not see through Allenby's deceptions, nor spot the true Allied concentration.
The Opening Attack
On September 17, Arabs under Lawrence and Nuri Said began destroying railway lines around the vital rail centre of Deraa. Lawrence's initial forces (a Camel Corps unit from Feisal's Army, an Egyptian Camel Corps unit, some Gurkha machine gunners, British and Australian armoured cars and French mountain artillery) were soon joined by Rualla and Howeitat tribesmen, and local insurgents.
As the Turks reacted, the units of Chetwode's Corps made attacks in the hills above the Jordan, further diverting the Turks' attention to this flank. At the last minute, an Indian deserter warned the Turks about the impending main attack, but was not believed.
At 4:30 am on September 19, Allenby's main attack opened. A barrage by 385 guns stunned the defenders, and the infantry quickly broke through their lines. Within hours, the cavalry were moving north along the coast, with no Turkish reserves to check them. Meanwhile, Allied aircraft bombed the Turkish main telephone exchange, effectively cutting their commanders off from their troops and each other. By the end of the first day, the bulk of the Turkish Eighth Army was in disorderly retreat eastward.
Destruction of the Turkish Armies
During the early hours of September 20, the Desert Mounted Corps had secured the defiles of the Carmel Range. Late that day, they passed through these to capture El Afule and Beisan, complete with the bulk of two Depot Regiments. A brigade of the 5th Mounted Division attacked Nazareth, Liman von Sanders's HQ, although Liman himself escaped, and another (the Imperial Service Cavalry brigade) captured the vital port of Haifa the next day.
The last formed troops of the Seventh Army attempted to retreat directly east across the Jordan. On September 21, a large column was spotted by Allied aircraft in a defile west of the river and destroyed by continuous air attacks. (Not many soldiers died, but all transport, guns and heavy equipment was abandoned, and the survivors were scattered and leaderless.)
Over the next four days, the 4th Mounted Division and Australian Mounted Division rounded up large numbers of demoralised and disorganised Turkish troops in the Jezreel Valley.
Liman had attempted to hold the line of the Jordan around the Sea of Galilee. A charge at last light on September 26 by Australian Light Horse captured the town of Samakh, breaking this line.
Exploitation
Allenby now ordered his cavalry to cross the Jordan, to capture Amman, Deraa and Damascus. Meanwhile, 3rd Indian infantry division advanced north on Beirut and the 7th Indian Division advanced on Baalbek.
The Turkish Fourth Army had begun to retreat on September 22. Chaytor's force crossed the Jordan as the Turks abandoned the crossings, and captured Amman on September 27. The Turkish detachment from Ma'an, finding its retreat blocked south of Amman, surrendered intact to Chaytor rather than risk slaughter by Arab irregulars.
4th Mounted Division moved to Deraa, which had already been abandoned to Arab forces, and then advanced north on Damascus in company with them. The retreating Turks committed several atrocities against hostile Arab villages; in return, the Arab forces took no prisoners.
The 5th Mounted Division and Australian Mounted Division moved directly on Damascus. On September 30, the Australian Mounted Division circled north of the city and intercepted the garrison as they tried to retreat through the Barada gorge. Damascus fell the next day. Jemal Pasha fled, having failed to inspire last-ditch resistance.
Last actions
5th Mounted Division and Arab detachments advanced north, capturing Aleppo on October 26. They then advanced to Mouslimmiye, where Mustafa Kemal had rallied some men under XXII Corps HQ. Kemal held his positions until October 31, when Turkey capitulated.
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