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Diabetic

Diabetes mellitus is a medical disorder characterized by varying or persistent hyperglycemia (high blood sugar levels), especially after eating. All types of diabetes mellitus share similar symptoms and complications at advanced stages. Hyperglycemia itself can lead to dehydration and ketoacidosis. Longer-term complications include cardiovascular disease (doubled risk), chronic renal failure (it is the main cause for dialysis), retinal damage which can lead to blindness, nerve damage which can lead to erectile dysfunction (impotence), gangrene with risk of amputation of toes, feet, and even legs. Serious complications are much less common in people who control their blood sugars well with their lifestyle and medications.

There are two predominant forms of diabetes. Type 1 diabetes is characterized by decreased or ceased production of insulin. In type 2 diabetes, the more common form, body tissues become more resistant to insulin, and the body often produces less insulin. The former type almost always requires insulin injections for survival. The latter can be managed by dietary monitoring, weight reduction, exercise, and oral medication (insulin is used if oral medication proves ineffective or has intolerable side effects). Most cases of type 2 diabetes are treated with medication, although about 20% of them may be managed by lifestyle changes alone.

Patient understanding and participation is vital, as blood glucose levels change continuously. Treatments that return the blood sugar to normal levels can reduce or prevent development of the complications of diabetes. Other health problems that accelerate the damaging effects of diabetes are smoking, elevated cholesterol levels, obesity, high blood pressure, and lack of regular exercise.


Copy Design Tagate 2006 Last updated 3 April